(Introduction)
Welcome to our BEGINNERâS GUIDE TO THE SPAGHETTI WESTERN. Start reading here if you are new to the genre and find yourself confused by the sheer overwhelming number of films.
==What is a Spaghetti Western?==
The spaghetti western is a European sub-genre of the western. The genre was born in the first half of the sixties and prospered, with ups and downs, until the second half of the seventies. It got its name from the fact that most of them were directed and produced by Italians, often in collaboration with other European countries, especially Spain. The name âspaghetti westernâ originally was a depreciative term, given by foreign critics to these films that were thought of to be inferior to American westerns. Many of these films were made with low budgets and limited artistic pretentions. In the eighties the reputation of the sub-genre grew and today the term is no longer used disparagingly, although some Italians still prefer to call the films âwestern allâitalianaâ (westerns Italian style). In Japan they are called Macaroni westerns. European westerns that were predominantly Spanish are often called paella westerns, those predominantly German Sauerkraut westerns
==Whatâs special about it?==
Itâs often thought that the genre arose in response to the enormous success of Sergio Leoneâs A Fistful of Dollars/Per un pugno di Dollari (1964), an adaptation of a Japanese movie called Yojimbo (Akira Kurosawa, 1961). In fact several Italian westerns had been produced previously, like Buffalo Bill, lâeroe del Far West or Duello nel Texas (both in 1963). Moreover the Spanish Zorro movies and the successful German-Yugoslavian Karl May adaptations had created a cultural context for a large scale European western production. Ironically the first European western that had the right ingredients to be called a âspaghetti westernâ, was made without Italian input, being a British-Spanish coproduction: The Savage Guns/Tierra Brutal (Michael Carreras, 1962). But it sure was Leone who defined the look and attitude of the genre, with his first western and the two that soon were to follow: For a Few Dollars more/Per Qualche Dollaro in piĂč (1965) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly/Il Buono, il Brutto, il Cattivo. Together these films are called âThe Dollar Trilogyâ. Leoneâs West was a dusty wasteland of whitewashed villages, howling winds, scraggy dogs wandering through spooky ghost towns, of cynical heroes, as unshaven as the villains, and Clint Eastwood wearing a poncho and chewing on the stub of a cigar. All three films were scored by Ennio Morricone, and his scores were as unusual as Leoneâs visuals: not only did he use instruments like the trumpet, the harp or the electric guitar, he also added whistle, cracking whips and gunshots to the concoction, described by a critic as a ârattlesnake in a drumkitâ.
In general spaghetti westerns are more action oriented than their American counterparts. Dialogue is sparse and some critics have pointed out that they are constructed as operas, using the music as an illustrative ingredient of the narrative. Like professor of cultural studies Christopher Frayling has said the western from a long time past had been called a horse opera, but it took the Italians to show what the term really meant. For the time of making many spaghetti westerns were quite violent, and several of them met with censorship problems, but it was more the cynical atmosphere and the intense style of film making that alarmed censors than any possible graphic nature of the violence shown. Spaghetti westerns were not very gory, squibs â those things that produce the effect of squirting blood â were used only occasionally. Many spaghetti westerns have an American-Mexican border setting and feature loud and sadistic Mexican bandits. The Civil War and its aftermath is a recurrent background. Instead of regular names such as Will Kane or Ethan Edwards, the heroes often have bizarre names like Ringo, Sartana, Sabata, Johnny Oro, Arizona Colt or Django. The genre is unmistakably a catholic genre (some other names in use are Haleluja, Cemetary, Trinity or Holy Water Joe!), its strong visual and symbolic style strongly influenced by the catholic iconography of, for instance, the crucifixion, the last supper or the ecce homo. The surreal extravanganza Django Kill!/Se sei vivo, spara (1967), by Giulio Questi, a former assistant of Fellini (!)has a resurrected hero who witnesses a reflection of Judgment Day in a dusty western town.
==A brief history==
# The Glory Years: 1966 - 1968
In this rather brief period most of films that have become classics were made. In 1966 Leone made The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, now considered by many to be the best western (not only spaghetti western) ever made, while his crown prince, Sergio Corbucci (often called âthe other Sergioâ) made the ground-breaking Django, that became the prototype of the vengeance tale, and spawned numerous films with âDjangoâ in its title. In 1968 these two directors brought the genre two more indisputable masterpieces: Leone made the legendry Once upon a Time in the West/Câera una Volta il West, the first spaghetti western to attract the attention of so-called âseriousâ critics, and Corbucci made the devastating The Great Silence/Il Grande Silenzio, that was entirely set in the snow and subverted virtually all genre conventions, among them the often heard clichĂ© that in a western the good guy always wins.
Another director from the golden period of the genre, is Sergio Sollima (âthe third Sergioâ), the most intellectual and politically committed of all spaghetti western directors. His The Big Gundown/La Resa dei Conti (with Lee van Cleef, who had also appeared in two of the three Dollar movies) is a tale about class struggle as well as a deconstruction of the mythology of the law-upholding gunslinger. Face to face/Faccia a Faccia is the story of a New England college professor, who travels down south and discovers his violent instincts when heâs held hostage by a bandit. The professor is played by Gian Maria VolontĂ©, another Leone veteran, who also appeared in A Bullet for the General /QuiĂ©n sabe? (1966, Damiano Damiani), that set the tone for a series of political westerns set in Mexico during of the several Mexican revolutions, the so-called âZapata westernsâ. The bandit is played by Cuban-American actor Tomas Milian, who would appear in many Zapata westerns as a Mexican farmer turned revolutionary. Set in Mexico, and filmed in a baroque western style, the Zapata westerns nevertheless seemed more concerned with European than American (North or Latin) politics. In the sixties Marxist ideas were wide-spread among European intellectuals, especially in the Mediterranean countries, and the Zapata westerns seem to reflect the revolutionary ideas that lived among them.
1969 showed a decline in the number of westerns produced, and a tendency to parody the genre, already announced in the previous years, became more apparent, especially in the Sartana movies, often called the answer of the spaghetti western to the Bond movies.
# The Comedy Period
In 1970 Enzo Barboni, who had been Corbucciâs cinematographer for Django, made They call me Trinity/Lo chiamavano TrinitĂ . What had been parody had now become slapstick and the film became a smash hit all over the world. It also marked the start of a new golden period, if not for the spaghetti western, than at least for the Italian film industry. Numerous comedy westerns were produced and the actors Terence Hill and Bud Spencer both became international stars. In general fans of the spaghetti western genre are not so fond of these comedies, but the Trinity movies are good fun and the second one, Trinity is still my name/Continuavano a chiamarlo TrinitĂ was the most successful Italian western ever upon its initial release.
Although dominated by the comedy westerns, a few serious westerns were made in the first half of the seventies. Both Corbucci (Compañeros/Vamos a matar, compañeros) and Leone (Duck you Sucker!/GiĂč la testa) made a Zapata western. My Name is Nobody/Il Mio nome Ăš Nessuno, directed by Tonino Valerii (supervised by Leone), is a serio-comical reverie about the end of the West. Some films were of fuse of spaghetti western elements and Hong Kong martial arts movies, with usually a eastern fighting star dropped in the Far West, but none of these films became a real classic.
# The Twilight Spaghettis
When it all seemed over, the genre had its last upswing with the so-called Twilight Spaghettis, blood-serious, very stylish and melancholic westerns, glorifying (and mourning) both the end of the genre as well as the decay of the Italian industry of genre movies. The films were partly shot in the â by then ramshackle - western towns of the Roman studios that had produced dozens of westerns each year in the previous decade. Two of the best twilight spaghettis are Michele Lupoâs California, with Giuliano Gemma, one of Italyâs first and biggest stars of the genre, and Keoma, made by the prolific director Enzo G. Castellari, and starring Franco Nero, who had played Django one decade earlier.
==Today==
A new generation of film makers, represented by the likes of Quentin Tarantino and Roberto Rodriguez have rediscovered and embraced the genre, introducing story elements in their own film scripts and developing a visual style that was influenced by the Italians maestros from the sixties. At the same time veteran film makers like Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg and of course Clint Eastwood have confirmed their great admiration for Sergio Leone, who is now universally recognized as one of the greatest film makers who ever lived. The introduction of the DVD has meant a lot for the genre too. For the first time new generations could see those films in their full widescreen beauty, and although there still are things to desire, the most important films are now available on DVD.
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